Text for Course C-4002 "Steel Erection Safety Requirements"
[Code of Federal Regulations]
[Title 29, Volume 8]
[Revised as of July 1, 2004]
From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
[CITE: 29CFR1926]
[Page 413-436]
TITLE 29--LABOR
CHAPTER XVII--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT
OF LABOR
PART 1926_SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION--Table of Contents
Subpart R_Steel Erection
Authority: Sec. 107, Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act
(Construction Safety Act) (40 U.S.C. 333); Sec. 4, 6, and 8,
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657);
Secretary of Labor's Order No. 3-2000 (65 FR 50017), and 29 CFR part
1911.
Source: 66 FR 5265, Jan. 18, 2001, unless otherwise noted.
Sec. 1926.750 Scope.
(a) This subpart sets forth requirements to protect employees from
the hazards associated with steel erection activities involved in the
construction, alteration, and/or repair of single and multi-story
buildings, bridges, and other structures where steel erection occurs.
The requirements of this subpart apply to employers engaged in steel
erection unless otherwise specified. This subpart does not cover
electrical transmission towers, communication and broadcast towers, or
tanks.
Note to paragraph (a):
Examples of structures where steel erection may occur include but
are not limited to the following: Single and multi-story buildings;
systems-engineered metal buildings; lift slab/tilt-up structures; energy
exploration structures; energy production, transfer and storage
structures and facilities; auditoriums; malls; amphitheaters; stadiums;
power plants; mills; chemical process structures; bridges; trestles;
overpasses; underpasses; viaducts; aqueducts; aerospace facilities and
structures; radar and communication structures; light towers; signage;
billboards; scoreboards; conveyor systems; conveyor supports and related
framing; stairways; stair towers; fire escapes; draft curtains; fire
containment structures; monorails; aerialways; catwalks; curtain walls;
window walls; store fronts; elevator fronts; entrances; skylights; metal
roofs; industrial structures; hi-bay structures; rail, marine and other
transportation structures; sound barriers; water process and
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water containment structures; air and cable supported structures; space
frames; geodesic domes; canopies; racks and rack support structures and
frames; platforms; walkways; balconies; atriums; penthouses; car
dumpers; stackers/reclaimers; cranes and craneways; bins; hoppers;
ovens; furnaces; stacks; amusement park structures and rides; and
artistic and monumental structures.
(b)(1) Steel erection activities include hoisting, laying out,
placing, connecting, welding, burning, guying, bracing, bolting,
plumbing and rigging structural steel, steel joists and metal buildings;
installing metal decking, curtain walls, window walls, siding systems,
miscellaneous metals, ornamental iron and similar materials; and moving
point-to-point while performing these activities.
(2) The following activities are covered by this subpart when they
occur during and are a part of steel erection activities: rigging,
hoisting, laying out, placing, connecting, guying, bracing, dismantling,
burning, welding, bolting, grinding, sealing, caulking, and all related
activities for construction, alteration and/or repair of materials and
assemblies such as structural steel; ferrous metals and alloys; non-
ferrous metals and alloys; glass; plastics and synthetic composite
materials; structural metal framing and related bracing and assemblies;
anchoring devices; structural cabling; cable stays; permanent and
temporary bents and towers; falsework for temporary supports of
permanent steel members; stone and other non-precast concrete
architectural materials mounted on steel frames; safety systems for
steel erection; steel and metal joists; metal decking and raceway
systems and accessories; metal roofing and accessories; metal siding;
bridge flooring; cold formed steel framing; elevator beams; grillage;
shelf racks; multi-purpose supports; crane rails and accessories;
miscellaneous, architectural and ornamental metals and metal work;
ladders; railings; handrails; fences and gates; gratings; trench covers;
floor plates; castings; sheet metal fabrications; metal panels and panel
wall systems; louvers; column covers; enclosures and pockets; stairs;
perforated metals; ornamental iron work, expansion control including
bridge expansion joint assemblies; slide bearings; hydraulic structures;
fascias; soffit panels; penthouse enclosures; skylights; joint fillers;
gaskets; sealants and seals; doors; windows; hardware; detention/
security equipment and doors, windows and hardware; conveying systems;
building specialties; building equipment; machinery and plant equipment,
furnishings and special construction.
(c) The duties of controlling contractors under this subpart
include, but are not limited to, the duties specified in Sec. Sec.
1926.752 (a) and (c), 1926.755(b)(2), 1926.759(b), and 1926.760(e).
Sec. 1926.751 Definitions.
Anchored bridging means that the steel joist bridging is connected
to a bridging terminus point.
Bolted diagonal bridging means diagonal bridging that is bolted to a
steel joist or joists.
Bridging clip means a device that is attached to the steel joist to
allow the bolting of the bridging to the steel joist.
Bridging terminus point means a wall, a beam, tandem joists (with
all bridging installed and a horizontal truss in the plane of the top
chord) or other element at an end or intermediate point(s) of a line of
bridging that provides an anchor point for the steel joist bridging.
Choker means a wire rope or synthetic fiber rigging assembly that is
used to attach a load to a hoisting device.
Cold forming means the process of using press brakes, rolls, or
other methods to shape steel into desired cross sections at room
temperature.
Column means a load-carrying vertical member that is part of the
primary skeletal framing system. Columns do not include posts.
Competent person (also defined in Sec. 1926.32) means one who is
capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the
surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or
dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt
corrective measures to eliminate them.
Connector means an employee who, working with hoisting equipment, is
placing and connecting structural members and/or components.
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Constructibility means the ability to erect structural steel members
in accordance with subpart R without having to alter the over-all
structural design.
Construction load (for joist erection) means any load other than the
weight of the employee(s), the joists and the bridging bundle.
Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ) means an area in which certain work
(for example, initial installation and placement of metal decking) may
take place without the use of guardrail systems, personal fall arrest
systems, fall restraint systems, or safety net systems and where access
to the zone is controlled.
Controlled load lowering means lowering a load by means of a
mechanical hoist drum device that allows a hoisted load to be lowered
with maximum control using the gear train or hydraulic components of the
hoist mechanism. Controlled load lowering requires the use of the hoist
drive motor, rather than the load hoist brake, to lower the load.
Controlling contractor means a prime contractor, general contractor,
construction manager or any other legal entity which has the overall
responsibility for the construction of the project--its planning,
quality and completion.
Critical lift means a lift that (1) exceeds 75 percent of the rated
capacity of the crane or derrick, or (2) requires the use of more than
one crane or derrick.
Decking hole means a gap or void more than 2 inches (5.1 cm) in its
least dimension and less than 12 inches (30.5 cm) in its greatest
dimension in a floor, roof or other walking/working surface. Pre-
engineered holes in cellular decking (for wires, cables, etc.) are not
included in this definition.
Derrick floor means an elevated floor of a building or structure
that has been designated to receive hoisted pieces of steel prior to
final placement.
Double connection means an attachment method where the connection
point is intended for two pieces of steel which share common bolts on
either side of a central piece.
Double connection seat means a structural attachment that, during
the installation of a double connection, supports the first member while
the second member is connected.
Erection bridging means the bolted diagonal bridging that is
required to be installed prior to releasing the hoisting cables from the
steel joists.
Fall restraint system means a fall protection system that prevents
the user from falling any distance. The system is comprised of either a
body belt or body harness, along with an anchorage, connectors and other
necessary equipment. The other components typically include a lanyard,
and may also include a lifeline and other devices.
Final interior perimeter means the perimeter of a large permanent
open space within a building such as an atrium or courtyard. This does
not include openings for stairways, elevator shafts, etc.
Girt (in systems-engineered metal buildings) means a ``Z'' or ``C''
shaped member formed from sheet steel spanning between primary framing
and supporting wall material.
Headache ball means a weighted hook that is used to attach loads to
the hoist load line of the crane.
Hoisting equipment means commercially manufactured lifting equipment
designed to lift and position a load of known weight to a location at
some known elevation and horizontal distance from the equipment's center
of rotation. ``Hoisting equipment'' includes but is not limited to
cranes, derricks, tower cranes, barge-mounted derricks or cranes, gin
poles and gantry hoist systems. A ``come-a-long'' (a mechanical device,
usually consisting of a chain or cable attached at each end, that is
used to facilitate movement of materials through leverage) is not
considered ``hoisting equipment.''
Leading edge means the unprotected side and edge of a floor, roof,
or formwork for a floor or other walking/working surface (such as deck)
which changes location as additional floor, roof, decking or formwork
sections are placed, formed or constructed.
Metal decking means a commercially manufactured, structural grade,
cold rolled metal panel formed into a series of parallel ribs; for this
subpart, this includes metal floor and roof decks, standing seam metal
roofs, other metal
[[Page 416]]
roof systems and other products such as bar gratings, checker plate,
expanded metal panels, and similar products. After installation and
proper fastening, these decking materials serve a combination of
functions including, but not limited to: a structural element designed
in combination with the structure to resist, distribute and transfer
loads, stiffen the structure and provide a diaphragm action; a walking/
working surface; a form for concrete slabs; a support for roofing
systems; and a finished floor or roof.
Multiple lift rigging means a rigging assembly manufactured by wire
rope rigging suppliers that facilitates the attachment of up to five
independent loads to the hoist rigging of a crane.
Opening means a gap or void 12 inches (30.5 cm) or more in its least
dimension in a floor, roof or other walking/working surface. For the
purposes of this subpart, skylights and smoke domes that do not meet the
strength requirements of Sec. 1926.754(e)(3) shall be regarded as
openings.
Permanent floor means a structurally completed floor at any level or
elevation (including slab on grade).
Personal fall arrest system means a system used to arrest an
employee in a fall from a working level. A personal fall arrest system
consists of an anchorage, connectors, a body harness and may include a
lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or suitable combination of
these. The use of a body belt for fall arrest is prohibited.
Positioning device system means a body belt or body harness rigged
to allow an employee to be supported on an elevated, vertical surface,
such as a wall or column and work with both hands free while leaning.
Post means a structural member with a longitudinal axis that is
essentially vertical, that: (1) weighs 300 pounds or less and is axially
loaded (a load presses down on the top end), or (2) is not axially
loaded, but is laterally restrained by the above member. Posts typically
support stair landings, wall framing, mezzanines and other
substructures.
Project structural engineer of record means the registered, licensed
professional responsible for the design of structural steel framing and
whose seal appears on the structural contract documents.
Purlin (in systems-engineered metal buildings) means a ``Z'' or
``C'' shaped member formed from sheet steel spanning between primary
framing and supporting roof material.
Qualified person (also defined in Sec. 1926.32) means one who, by
possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional
standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has
successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems
relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.
Safety deck attachment means an initial attachment that is used to
secure an initially placed sheet of decking to keep proper alignment and
bearing with structural support members.
Shear connector means headed steel studs, steel bars, steel lugs,
and similar devices which are attached to a structural member for the
purpose of achieving composite action with concrete.
Steel erection means the construction, alteration or repair of steel
buildings, bridges and other structures, including the installation of
metal decking and all planking used during the process of erection.
Steel joist means an open web, secondary load-carrying member of 144
feet (43.9 m) or less, designed by the manufacturer, used for the
support of floors and roofs. This does not include structural steel
trusses or cold-formed joists.
Steel joist girder means an open web, primary load-carrying member,
designed by the manufacturer, used for the support of floors and roofs.
This does not include structural steel trusses.
Steel truss means an open web member designed of structural steel
components by the project structural engineer of record. For the
purposes of this subpart, a steel truss is considered equivalent to a
solid web structural member.
Structural steel means a steel member, or a member made of a
substitute material (such as, but not limited to, fiberglass, aluminum
or composite members). These members include, but are
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not limited to, steel joists, joist girders, purlins, columns, beams,
trusses, splices, seats, metal decking, girts, and all bridging, and
cold formed metal framing which is integrated with the structural steel
framing of a building.
Systems-engineered metal building means a metal, field-assembled
building system consisting of framing, roof and wall coverings.
Typically, many of these components are cold-formed shapes. These
individual parts are fabricated in one or more manufacturing facilities
and shipped to the job site for assembly into the final structure. The
engineering design of the system is normally the responsibility of the
systems-engineered metal building manufacturer.
Tank means a container for holding gases, liquids or solids.
Unprotected sides and edges means any side or edge (except at
entrances to points of access) of a walking/working surface, for example
a, floor, roof, ramp or runway, where there is no wall or guardrail
system at least 39 inches (1.0 m) high.
Sec. 1926.752 Site layout, site-specific erection plan and
construction sequence.
(a) Approval to begin steel erection. Before authorizing the
commencement of steel erection, the controlling contractor shall ensure
that the steel erector is provided with the following written
notifications:
(1) The concrete in the footings, piers and walls and the mortar in
the masonry piers and walls has attained, on the basis of an appropriate
ASTM standard test method of field-cured samples, either 75 percent of
the intended minimum compressive design strength or sufficient strength
to support the loads imposed during steel erection.
(2) Any repairs, replacements and modifications to the anchor bolts
were conducted in accordance with Sec. 1926.755(b).
(b) Commencement of steel erection. A steel erection contractor
shall not erect steel unless it has received written notification that
the concrete in the footings, piers and walls or the mortar in the
masonry piers and walls has attained, on the basis of an appropriate
ASTM standard test method of field-cured samples, either 75 percent of
the intended minimum compressive design strength or sufficient strength
to support the loads imposed during steel erection.
(c) Site layout. The controlling contractor shall ensure that the
following is provided and maintained:
(1) Adequate access roads into and through the site for the safe
delivery and movement of derricks, cranes, trucks, other necessary
equipment, and the material to be erected and means and methods for
pedestrian and vehicular control. Exception: this requirement does not
apply to roads outside of the construction site.
(2) A firm, properly graded, drained area, readily accessible to the
work with adequate space for the safe storage of materials and the safe
operation of the erector's equipment.
(d) Pre-planning of overhead hoisting operations. All hoisting
operations in steel erection shall be pre-planned to ensure that the
requirements of Sec. 1926.753(d) are met.
(e) Site-specific erection plan. Where employers elect, due to
conditions specific to the site, to develop alternate means and methods
that provide employee protection in accordance with Sec.
1926.753(c)(5), Sec. 1926.757(a)(4) or Sec. 1926.757(e)(4), a site-
specific erection plan shall be developed by a qualified person and be
available at the work site. Guidelines for establishing a site-specific
erection plan are contained in Appendix A to this subpart.
Sec. 1926.753 Hoisting and rigging.
(a) All the provisions of Sec. 1926.550 apply to hoisting and
rigging with the exception of Sec. 1926.550(g)(2).
(b) In addition, paragraphs (c) through (e) of this section apply
regarding the hazards associated with hoisting and rigging.
(c) General. (1) Pre-shift visual inspection of cranes.
(i) Cranes being used in steel erection activities shall be visually
inspected prior to each shift by a competent person; the inspection
shall include observation for deficiencies during operation. At a
minimum this inspection shall include the following:
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(A) All control mechanisms for maladjustments;
(B) Control and drive mechanism for excessive wear of components and
contamination by lubricants, water or other foreign matter;
(C) Safety devices, including but not limited to boom angle
indicators, boom stops, boom kick out devices, anti-two block devices,
and load moment indicators where required;
(D) Air, hydraulic, and other pressurized lines for deterioration or
leakage, particularly those which flex in normal operation;
(E) Hooks and latches for deformation, chemical damage, cracks, or
wear;
(F) Wire rope reeving for compliance with hoisting equipment
manufacturer's specifications;
(G) Electrical apparatus for malfunctioning, signs of excessive
deterioration, dirt, or moisture accumulation;
(H) Hydraulic system for proper fluid level;
(I) Tires for proper inflation and condition;
(J) Ground conditions around the hoisting equipment for proper
support, including ground settling under and around outriggers, ground
water accumulation, or similar conditions;
(K) The hoisting equipment for level position; and
(L) The hoisting equipment for level position after each move and
setup.
(ii) If any deficiency is identified, an immediate determination
shall be made by the competent person as to whether the deficiency
constitutes a hazard.
(iii) If the deficiency is determined to constitute a hazard, the
hoisting equipment shall be removed from service until the deficiency
has been corrected.
(iv) The operator shall be responsible for those operations under
the operator's direct control. Whenever there is any doubt as to safety,
the operator shall have the authority to stop and refuse to handle loads
until safety has been assured.
(2) A qualified rigger (a rigger who is also a qualified person)
shall inspect the rigging prior to each shift in accordance with Sec.
1926.251.
(3) The headache ball, hook or load shall not be used to transport
personnel except as provided in paragraph (c)(4) of this section.
(4) Cranes or derricks may be used to hoist employees on a personnel
platform when work under this subpart is being conducted, provided that
all provisions of Sec. 1926.550 (except for Sec. 1926.550(g)(2)) are
met.
(5) Safety latches on hooks shall not be deactivated or made
inoperable except:
(i) When a qualified rigger has determined that the hoisting and
placing of purlins and single joists can be performed more safely by
doing so; or
(ii) When equivalent protection is provided in a site-specific
erection plan.
(d) Working under loads.
(1) Routes for suspended loads shall be pre-planned to ensure that
no employee is required to work directly below a suspended load except
for:
(i) Employees engaged in the initial connection of the steel; or
(ii) Employees necessary for the hooking or unhooking of the load.
(2) When working under suspended loads, the following criteria shall
be met:
(i) Materials being hoisted shall be rigged to prevent unintentional
displacement;
(ii) Hooks with self-closing safety latches or their equivalent
shall be used to prevent components from slipping out of the hook; and
(iii) All loads shall be rigged by a qualified rigger
(e) Multiple lift rigging procedure. (1) A multiple lift shall only
be performed if the following criteria are met:
(i) A multiple lift rigging assembly is used;
(ii) A maximum of five members are hoisted per lift;
(iii) Only beams and similar structural members are lifted; and
(iv) All employees engaged in the multiple lift have been trained in
these procedures in accordance with Sec. 1926.761(c)(1).
(v) No crane is permitted to be used for a multiple lift where such
use is contrary to the manufacturer's specifications and limitations.
(2) Components of the multiple lift rigging assembly shall be
specifically
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designed and assembled with a maximum capacity for total assembly and
for each individual attachment point. This capacity, certified by the
manufacturer or a qualified rigger, shall be based on the manufacturer's
specifications with a 5 to 1 safety factor for all components.
(3) The total load shall not exceed:
(i) The rated capacity of the hoisting equipment specified in the
hoisting equipment load charts;
(ii) The rigging capacity specified in the rigging rating chart.
(4) The multiple lift rigging assembly shall be rigged with members:
(i) Attached at their center of gravity and maintained reasonably
level;
(ii) Rigged from top down; and
(iii) Rigged at least 7 feet (2.1 m) apart.
(5) The members on the multiple lift rigging assembly shall be set
from the bottom up.
(6) Controlled load lowering shall be used whenever the load is over
the connectors.
Sec. 1926.754 Structural steel assembly.
(a) Structural stability shall be maintained at all times during the
erection process.
(b) The following additional requirements shall apply for multi-
story structures:
(1) The permanent floors shall be installed as the erection of
structural members progresses, and there shall be not more than eight
stories between the erection floor and the upper-most permanent floor,
except where the structural integrity is maintained as a result of the
design.
(2) At no time shall there be more than four floors or 48 feet (14.6
m), whichever is less, of unfinished bolting or welding above the
foundation or uppermost permanently secured floor, except where the
structural integrity is maintained as a result of the design.
(3) A fully planked or decked floor or nets shall be maintained
within two stories or 30 feet (9.1 m), whichever is less, directly under
any erection work being performed.
(c) Walking/working surfaces--(1) Shear connectors and other similar
devices-- (i) Tripping hazards. Shear connectors (such as headed steel
studs, steel bars or steel lugs), reinforcing bars, deformed anchors or
threaded studs shall not be attached to the top flanges of beams, joists
or beam attachments so that they project vertically from or horizontally
across the top flange of the member until after the metal decking, or
other walking/working surface, has been installed.
(ii) Installation of shear connectors on composite floors, roofs and
bridge decks. When shear connectors are used in construction of
composite floors, roofs and bridge decks, employees shall lay out and
install the shear connectors after the metal decking has been installed,
using the metal decking as a working platform. Shear connectors shall
not be installed from within a controlled decking zone (CDZ), as
specified in Sec. 1926.760(c)(8).
(2) Slip resistance of metal decking. [Reserved]
(3) Slip resistance of skeletal structural steel. Workers shall not
be permitted to walk the top surface of any structural steel member
installed after July 18, 2006 that has been coated with paint or similar
material unless documentation or certification that the coating has
achieved a minimum average slip resistance of .50 when measured with an
English XL tribometer or equivalent tester on a wetted surface at a
testing laboratory is provided. Such documentation or certification
shall be based on the appropriate ASTM standard test method conducted by
a laboratory capable of performing the test. The results shall be
available at the site and to the steel erector. (Appendix B to this
subpart references appropriate ASTM standard test methods that may be
used to comply with this paragraph (c)(3)).
(d) Plumbing-up. (1) When deemed necessary by a competent person,
plumbing-up equipment shall be installed in conjunction with the steel
erection process to ensure the stability of the structure.
(2) When used, plumbing-up equipment shall be in place and properly
installed before the structure is loaded with construction material such
as loads of joists, bundles of decking or bundles of bridging.
[[Page 420]]
(3) Plumbing-up equipment shall be removed only with the approval of
a competent person.
(e) Metal decking--(1) Hoisting, landing and placing of metal
decking bundles. (i) Bundle packaging and strapping shall not be used
for hoisting unless specifically designed for that purpose.
(ii) If loose items such as dunnage, flashing, or other materials
are placed on the top of metal decking bundles to be hoisted, such items
shall be secured to the bundles.
(iii) Bundles of metal decking on joists shall be landed in
accordance with Sec. 1926.757(e)(4).
(iv) Metal decking bundles shall be landed on framing members so
that enough support is provided to allow the bundles to be unbanded
without dislodging the bundles from the supports.
(v) At the end of the shift or when environmental or jobsite
conditions require, metal decking shall be secured against displacement.
(2) Roof and floor holes and openings. Metal decking at roof and
floor holes and openings shall be installed as follows:
(i) Framed metal deck openings shall have structural members turned
down to allow continuous deck installation except where not allowed by
structural design constraints or constructibility.
(ii) Roof and floor holes and openings shall be decked over. Where
large size, configuration or other structural design does not allow
openings to be decked over (such as elevator shafts, stair wells, etc.)
employees shall be protected in accordance with Sec. 1926.760(a)(1).
(iii) Metal decking holes and openings shall not be cut until
immediately prior to being permanently filled with the equipment or
structure needed or intended to fulfill its specific use and which meets
the strength requirements of paragraph (e)(3) of this section, or shall
be immediately covered.
(3) Covering roof and floor openings. (i) Covers for roof and floor
openings shall be capable of supporting, without failure, twice the
weight of the employees, equipment and materials that may be imposed on
the cover at any one time.
(ii) All covers shall be secured when installed to prevent
accidental displacement by the wind, equipment or employees.
(iii) All covers shall be painted with high-visibility paint or
shall be marked with the word ``HOLE'' or ``COVER'' to provide warning
of the hazard.
(iv) Smoke dome or skylight fixtures that have been installed, are
not considered covers for the purpose of this section unless they meet
the strength requirements of paragraph (e)(3)(i) of this section.
(4) Decking gaps around columns. Wire mesh, exterior plywood, or
equivalent, shall be installed around columns where planks or metal
decking do not fit tightly. The materials used must be of sufficient
strength to provide fall protection for personnel and prevent objects
from falling through.
(5) Installation of metal decking. (i) Except as provided in Sec.
1926.760(c), metal decking shall be laid tightly and immediately secured
upon placement to prevent accidental movement or displacement.
(ii) During initial placement, metal decking panels shall be placed
to ensure full support by structural members.
(6) Derrick floors. (i) A derrick floor shall be fully decked and/or
planked and the steel member connections completed to support the
intended floor loading.
(ii) Temporary loads placed on a derrick floor shall be distributed
over the underlying support members so as to prevent local overloading
of the deck material.
Sec. 1926.755 Column anchorage.
(a) General requirements for erection stability. (1) All columns
shall be anchored by a minimum of 4 anchor rods (anchor bolts).
(2) Each column anchor rod (anchor bolt) assembly, including the
column-to-base plate weld and the column foundation, shall be designed
to resist a minimum eccentric gravity load of 300 pounds (136.2 kg)
located 18 inches (.46m) from the extreme outer face of the column in
each direction at the top of the column shaft.
(3) Columns shall be set on level finished floors, pre-grouted
leveling plates, leveling nuts, or shim packs
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which are adequate to transfer the construction loads.
(4) All columns shall be evaluated by a competent person to
determine whether guying or bracing is needed; if guying or bracing is
needed, it shall be installed.
(b) Repair, replacement or field modification of anchor rods (anchor
bolts). (1) Anchor rods (anchor bolts) shall not be repaired, replaced
or field-modified without the approval of the project structural
engineer of record.
(2) Prior to the erection of a column, the controlling contractor
shall provide written notification to the steel erector if there has
been any repair, replacement or modification of the anchor rods (anchor
bolts) of that column.
Sec. 1926.756 Beams and columns.
(a) General. (1) During the final placing of solid web structural
members, the load shall not be released from the hoisting line until the
members are secured with at least two bolts per connection, of the same
size and strength as shown in the erection drawings, drawn up wrench-
tight or the equivalent as specified by the project structural engineer
of record, except as specified in paragraph (b) of this section.
(2) A competent person shall determine if more than two bolts are
necessary to ensure the stability of cantilevered members; if additional
bolts are needed, they shall be installed.
(b) Diagonal bracing. Solid web structural members used as diagonal
bracing shall be secured by at least one bolt per connection drawn up
wrench-tight or the equivalent as specified by the project structural
engineer of record.
(c) (1) Double connections at columns and/or at beam webs over a
column. When two structural members on opposite sides of a column web,
or a beam web over a column, are connected sharing common connection
holes, at least one bolt with its wrench-tight nut shall remain
connected to the first member unless a shop-attached or field-attached
seat or equivalent connection device is supplied with the member to
secure the first member and prevent the column from being displaced (See
Appendix H to this subpart for examples of equivalent connection
devices).
(2) If a seat or equivalent device is used, the seat (or device)
shall be designed to support the load during the double connection
process. It shall be adequately bolted or welded to both a supporting
member and the first member before the nuts on the shared bolts are
removed to make the double connection.
(d) Column splices. Each column splice shall be designed to resist a
minimum eccentric gravity load of 300 pounds (136.2 kg) located 18
inches (.46 m) from the extreme outer face of the column in each
direction at the top of the column shaft.
(e) Perimeter columns. Perimeter columns shall not be erected
unless:
(1) The perimeter columns extend a minimum of 48 inches (1.2 m)
above the finished floor to permit installation of perimeter safety
cables prior to erection of the next tier, except where constructibility
does not allow (see Appendix F to this subpart);
(2) The perimeter columns have holes or other devices in or attached
to perimeter columns at 42-45 inches (107-114 cm) above the finished
floor and the midpoint between the finished floor and the top cable to
permit installation of perimeter safety cables required by Sec.
1926.760(a)(2), except where constructibility does not allow. (See
Appendix F to this subpart).
Sec. 1926.757 Open web steel joists.
(a) General. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this
section, where steel joists are used and columns are not framed in at
least two directions with solid web structural steel members, a steel
joist shall be field-bolted at the column to provide lateral stability
to the column during erection. For the installation of this joist:
(i) A vertical stabilizer plate shall be provided on each column for
steel joists. The plate shall be a minimum of 6 inch by 6 inch (152 mm
by 152 mm) and shall extend at least 3 inches (76 mm) below the bottom
chord of the joist with a \13/16\ inch (21 mm) hole to provide an
attachment point for guying or plumbing cables.
[[Page 422]]
(ii) The bottom chords of steel joists at columns shall be
stabilized to prevent rotation during erection.
(iii) Hoisting cables shall not be released until the seat at each
end of the steel joist is field-bolted, and each end of the bottom chord
is restrained by the column stabilizer plate.
(2) Where constructibility does not allow a steel joist to be
installed at the column:
(i) an alternate means of stabilizing joists shall be installed on
both sides near the column and shall:
(A) provide stability equivalent to paragraph (a)(1) of this
section;
(B) be designed by a qualified person;
(C) be shop installed; and
(D) be included in the erection drawings.
(ii) hoisting cables shall not be released until the seat at each
end of the steel joist is field-bolted and the joist is stabilized.
(3) Where steel joists at or near columns span 60 feet (18.3 m) or
less, the joist shall be designed with sufficient strength to allow one
employee to release the hoisting cable without the need for erection
bridging.
(4) Where steel joists at or near columns span more than 60 feet
(18.3 m), the joists shall be set in tandem with all bridging installed
unless an alternative method of erection, which provides equivalent
stability to the steel joist, is designed by a qualified person and is
included in the site-specific erection plan.
(5) A steel joist or steel joist girder shall not be placed on any
support structure unless such structure is stabilized.
(6) When steel joist(s) are landed on a structure, they shall be
secured to prevent unintentional displacement prior to installation.
(7) No modification that affects the strength of a steel joist or
steel joist girder shall be made without the approval of the project
structural engineer of record.
(8) Field-bolted joists. (i) Except for steel joists that have been
pre-assembled into panels, connections of individual steel joists to
steel structures in bays of 40 feet (12.2 m) or more shall be fabricated
to allow for field bolting during erection.
(ii) These connections shall be field-bolted unless constructibility
does not allow.
(9) Steel joists and steel joist girders shall not be used as
anchorage points for a fall arrest system unless written approval to do
so is obtained from a qualified person.
(10) A bridging terminus point shall be established before bridging
is installed. (See Appendix C to this subpart.)
(b) Attachment of steel joists and steel joist girders. (1) Each end
of ``K'' series steel joists shall be attached to the support structure
with a minimum of two \1/8\-inch (3 mm) fillet welds 1 inch (25 mm) long
or with two \1/2\-inch (13 mm) bolts, or the equivalent.
(2) Each end of ``LH'' and ``DLH'' series steel joists and steel
joist girders shall be attached to the support structure with a minimum
of two \1/4\-inch (6 mm) fillet welds 2 inches (51 mm) long, or with two
\3/4\-inch (19 mm) bolts, or the equivalent.
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) of this section, each
steel joist shall be attached to the support structure, at least at one
end on both sides of the seat, immediately upon placement in the final
erection position and before additional joists are placed.
(4) Panels that have been pre-assembled from steel joists with
bridging shall be attached to the structure at each corner before the
hoisting cables are released.
(c) Erection of steel joists. (1) Both sides of the seat of one end
of each steel joist that requires bridging under Tables A and B shall be
attached to the support structure before hoisting cables are released.
(2) For joists over 60 feet, both ends of the joist shall be
attached as specified in paragraph (b) of this section and the
provisions of paragraph (d) of this section met before the hoisting
cables are released.
(3) On steel joists that do not require erection bridging under
Tables A and B, only one employee shall be allowed on the joist until
all bridging is installed and anchored.
[[Page 423]]
Table A--Erection Bridging for Short Span Joists
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Joist Span
------------------------------------------------------------------------
8L1........................................ NM
10K1....................................... NM
12K1....................................... 23-0
12K3....................................... NM
12K5....................................... NM
14K1....................................... 27-0
14K3....................................... NM
14K4....................................... NM
14K6....................................... NM
16K2....................................... 29-0
16K3....................................... 30-0
16K4....................................... 32-0
16K5....................................... 32-0
16K6....................................... NM
16K7....................................... NM
16K9....................................... NM
18K3....................................... 31-0
18K4....................................... 32-0
18K5....................................... 33-0
18K6....................................... 35-0
18K7....................................... NM
18K9....................................... NM
18K10...................................... NM
20K3....................................... 32-0
20K4....................................... 34-0
20K5....................................... 34-0
20K6....................................... 36-0
20K7....................................... 39-0
20K9....................................... 39-0
20K10...................................... NM
22K4....................................... 34-0
22K5....................................... 35-0
22K6....................................... 36-0
22K7....................................... 40-0
22K9....................................... 40-0
22K10...................................... 40-0
22K11...................................... 40-0
24K4....................................... 36-0
24K5....................................... 38-0
24K6....................................... 39-0
24K7....................................... 43-0
24K8....................................... 43-0
24K9....................................... 44-0
24K10...................................... NM
24K12...................................... NM
26K5....................................... 38-0
26K6....................................... 39-0
26K7....................................... 43-0
26K8....................................... 44-0
26K9....................................... 45-0
26K10...................................... 49-0
26K12...................................... NM
28K6....................................... 40-0
28K7....................................... 43-0
28K8....................................... 44-0
28K9....................................... 45-0
28K10...................................... 49-0
28K12...................................... 53-0
30K7....................................... 44-0
30K8....................................... 45-0
30K9....................................... 45-0
30K10...................................... 50-0
30K11...................................... 52-0
30K12...................................... 54-0
10KCS1..................................... NM
10KCS2..................................... NM
10KCS3..................................... NM
12KCS1..................................... NM
12KCS2..................................... NM
12KCS3..................................... NM
14KCS1..................................... NM
14KCS2..................................... NM
14KCS3..................................... NM
16KCS2..................................... NM
16KCS3..................................... NM
16KCS4..................................... NM
16KCS5..................................... NM
18KCS2..................................... 35-0
18KCS3..................................... NM
18KCS4..................................... NM
18KCS5..................................... NM
20KCS2..................................... 36-0
20KCS3..................................... 39-0
20KCS4..................................... NM
20KCS5..................................... NM
22KCS2..................................... 36-0
22KCS3..................................... 40-0
22KCS4..................................... NM
22KCS5..................................... NM
24KCS2..................................... 39-0
24KCS3..................................... 44-0
24KCS4..................................... NM
24KCS5..................................... NM
26KCS2..................................... 39-0
26KCS3..................................... 44-0
26KCS4..................................... NM
26KCS5..................................... NM
28KCS2..................................... 40-0
28KCS3..................................... 45-0
28KCS4..................................... 53-0
28KCS5..................................... 53-0
30KC53..................................... 45-0
30KCS4..................................... 54-0
30KCS5..................................... 54-0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
NM=diagonal bolted bridging not mandatory for joists under 40 feet.
Table B--Erection Bridging for Long Span Joists
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Joist Span
------------------------------------------------------------------------
18LH02.................................... 33-0.
18LH03.................................... NM.
18LH04.................................... NM.
18LH05.................................... NM.
18LH06.................................... NM.
18LH07.................................... NM.
18LH08.................................... NM.
18LH09.................................... NM.
20LH02.................................... 33-0.
20LH03.................................... 38-0.
20LH04.................................... NM.
20LH05.................................... NM.
20LH06.................................... NM.
20LH07.................................... NM.
20LH08.................................... NM.
20LH09.................................... NM.
20LH10.................................... NM.
24LH03.................................... 35-0.
24LH04.................................... 39-0.
24LH05.................................... 40-0.
24LH06.................................... 45-0.
24LH07.................................... NM.
24LH08.................................... NM.
24LH09.................................... NM.
24LH10.................................... NM.
24LH11.................................... NM.
28LH05.................................... 42-0.
28LH06.................................... 42-0.
28LH07.................................... NM.
[[Page 424]]
28LH08.................................... NM.
28LH09.................................... NM.
28LH10.................................... NM.
28LH11.................................... NM.
28LH12.................................... NM.
28LH13.................................... NM.
32LH06.................................... 47-0 through 60-0.
32LH07.................................... 47-0 through 60-0.
32LH08.................................... 55-0 through 60-0.
32LH09.................................... NM through 60-0.
32LH10.................................... NM through 60-0.
32LH11.................................... NM through 60-0.
32LH12.................................... NM through 60-0.
32LH13.................................... NM through 60-0.
32LH14.................................... NM through 60-0.
32LH15.................................... NM through 60-0.
36LH07.................................... 47-0 through 60-0.
36LH08.................................... 47-0 through 60-0.
36LH09.................................... 57-0 through 60-0.
36LH10.................................... NM through 60-0.
36LH11.................................... NM through 60-0.
36LH12.................................... NM through 60-0.
36LH13.................................... NM through 60-0.
36LH14.................................... NM through 60-0.
36LH15.................................... NM through 60-0.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
NM = diagonal bolted bridging not mandatory for joists under 40 feet.
(4) Employees shall not be allowed on steel joists where the span of
the steel joist is equal to or greater than the span shown in Tables A
and B except in accordance with Sec. 1926.757(d).
(5) When permanent bridging terminus points cannot be used during
erection, additional temporary bridging terminus points are required to
provide stability. (See appendix C of this subpart.)
(d) Erection bridging. (1) Where the span of the steel joist is
equal to or greater than the span shown in Tables A and B, the following
shall apply:
(i) A row of bolted diagonal erection bridging shall be installed
near the midspan of the steel joist;
(ii) Hoisting cables shall not be released until this bolted
diagonal erection bridging is installed and anchored; and
(iii) No more than one employee shall be allowed on these spans
until all other bridging is installed and anchored.
(2) Where the span of the steel joist is over 60 feet (18.3 m)
through 100 feet (30.5 m), the following shall apply:
(i) All rows of bridging shall be bolted diagonal bridging;
(ii) Two rows of bolted diagonal erection bridging shall be
installed near the third points of the steel joist;
(iii) Hoisting cables shall not be released until this bolted
diagonal erection bridging is installed and anchored; and
(iv) No more than two employees shall be allowed on these spans
until all other bridging is installed and anchored.
(3) Where the span of the steel joist is over 100 feet (30.5 m)
through 144 feet (43.9 m), the following shall apply:
(i) All rows of bridging shall be bolted diagonal bridging;
(ii) Hoisting cables shall not be released until all bridging is
installed and anchored; and
(iii) No more than two employees shall be allowed on these spans
until all bridging is installed and anchored.
(4) For steel members spanning over 144 feet (43.9 m), the erection
methods used shall be in accordance with Sec. 1926.756.
(5) Where any steel joist specified in paragraphs (c)(2) and (d)(1),
(d)(2), and (d)(3) of this section is a bottom chord bearing joist, a
row of bolted diagonal bridging shall be provided near the support(s).
This bridging shall be installed and anchored before the hoisting
cable(s) is released.
(6) When bolted diagonal erection bridging is required by this
section, the following shall apply:
(i) The bridging shall be indicated on the erection drawing;
(ii) The erection drawing shall be the exclusive indicator of the
proper placement of this bridging;
(iii) Shop-installed bridging clips, or functional equivalents,
shall be used where the bridging bolts to the steel joists;
(iv) When two pieces of bridging are attached to the steel joist by
a common bolt, the nut that secures the first piece of bridging shall
not be removed from the bolt for the attachment of the second; and
(v) Bridging attachments shall not protrude above the top chord of
the steel joist.
(e) Landing and placing loads. (1) During the construction period,
the employer placing a load on steel joists
[[Page 425]]
shall ensure that the load is distributed so as not to exceed the
carrying capacity of any steel joist.
(2) Except for paragraph (e)(4) of this section, no construction
loads are allowed on the steel joists until all bridging is installed
and anchored and all joist-bearing ends are attached.
(3) The weight of a bundle of joist bridging shall not exceed a
total of 1,000 pounds (454 kg). A bundle of joist bridging shall be
placed on a minimum of three steel joists that are secured at one end.
The edge of the bridging bundle shall be positioned within 1 foot (.30
m) of the secured end.
(4) No bundle of decking may be placed on steel joists until all
bridging has been installed and anchored and all joist bearing ends
attached, unless all of the following conditions are met:
(i) The employer has first determined from a qualified person and
documented in a site-specific erection plan that the structure or
portion of the structure is capable of supporting the load;
(ii) The bundle of decking is placed on a minimum of three steel
joists;
(iii) The joists supporting the bundle of decking are attached at
both ends;
(iv) At least one row of bridging is installed and anchored;
(v) The total weight of the bundle of decking does not exceed 4,000
pounds (1816 kg); and
(vi) Placement of the bundle of decking shall be in accordance with
paragraph (e)(5) of this section.
(5) The edge of the construction load shall be placed within 1 foot
(.30 m) of the bearing surface of the joist end.
Sec. 1926.758 Systems-engineered metal buildings.
(a) All of the requirements of this subpart apply to the erection of
systems-engineered metal buildings except Sec. Sec. 1926.755 (column
anchorage) and 1926.757 (open web steel joists).
(b) Each structural column shall be anchored by a minimum of four
anchor rods (anchor bolts).
(c) Rigid frames shall have 50 percent of their bolts or the number
of bolts specified by the manufacturer (whichever is greater) installed
and tightened on both sides of the web adjacent to each flange before
the hoisting equipment is released.
(d) Construction loads shall not be placed on any structural steel
framework unless such framework is safely bolted, welded or otherwise
adequately secured.
(e) In girt and eave strut-to-frame connections, when girts or eave
struts share common connection holes, at least one bolt with its wrench-
tight nut shall remain connected to the first member unless a
manufacturer-supplied, field-attached seat or similar connection device
is present to secure the first member so that the girt or eave strut is
always secured against displacement.
(f) Both ends of all steel joists or cold-formed joists shall be
fully bolted and/or welded to the support structure before:
(1) Releasing the hoisting cables;
(2) Allowing an employee on the joists; or
(3) Allowing any construction loads on the joists.
(g) Purlins and girts shall not be used as an anchorage point for a
fall arrest system unless written approval is obtained from a qualified
person.
(h) Purlins may only be used as a walking/working surface when
installing safety systems, after all permanent bridging has been
installed and fall protection is provided.
(i) Construction loads may be placed only within a zone that is
within 8 feet (2.5 m) of the center-line of the primary support member.
Sec. 1926.759 Falling object protection.
(a) Securing loose items aloft. All materials, equipment, and tools,
which are not in use while aloft, shall be secured against accidental
displacement.
(b) Protection from falling objects other than materials being
hoisted. The controlling contractor shall bar other construction
processes below steel erection unless overhead protection for the
employees below is provided.
Sec. 1926.760 Fall protection.
(a) General requirements. (1) Except as provided by paragraph (a)(3)
of this section, each employee engaged in a steel erection activity who
is on a walking/working surface with an unprotected
[[Page 426]]
side or edge more than 15 feet (4.6 m) above a lower level shall be
protected from fall hazards by guardrail systems, safety net systems,
personal fall arrest systems, positioning device systems or fall
restraint systems.
(2) Perimeter safety cables. On multi-story structures, perimeter
safety cables shall be installed at the final interior and exterior
perimeters of the floors as soon as the metal decking has been
installed.
(3) Connectors and employees working in controlled decking zones
shall be protected from fall hazards as provided in paragraphs (b) and
(c) of this section, respectively.
(b) Connectors. Each connector shall:
(1) Be protected in accordance with paragraph (a)(1) of this section
from fall hazards of more than two stories or 30 feet (9.1 m) above a
lower level, whichever is less;
(2) Have completed connector training in accordance with Sec.
1926.761; and
(3) Be provided, at heights over 15 and up to 30 feet above a lower
level, with a personal fall arrest system, positioning device system or
fall restraint system and wear the equipment necessary to be able to be
tied off; or be provided with other means of protection from fall
hazards in accordance with paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
(c) Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ). A controlled decking zone may be
established in that area of the structure over 15 and up to 30 feet
above a lower level where metal decking is initially being installed and
forms the leading edge of a work area. In each CDZ, the following shall
apply:
(1) Each employee working at the leading edge in a CDZ shall be
protected from fall hazards of more than two stories or 30 feet (9.1 m),
whichever is less.
(2) Access to a CDZ shall be limited to only those employees engaged
in leading edge work.
(3) The boundaries of a CDZ shall be designated and clearly marked.
The CDZ shall not be more than 90 feet (27.4 m) wide and 90 (27.4 m)
feet deep from any leading edge. The CDZ shall be marked by the use of
control lines or the equivalent. Examples of acceptable procedures for
demarcating CDZ's can be found in Appendix D to this subpart.
(4) Each employee working in a CDZ shall have completed CDZ training
in accordance with Sec. 1926.761.
(5) Unsecured decking in a CDZ shall not exceed 3,000 square feet
(914.4 m <SUP>2</SUP>).
(6) Safety deck attachments shall be performed in the CDZ from the
leading edge back to the control line and shall have at least two
attachments for each metal decking panel.
(7) Final deck attachments and installation of shear connectors
shall not be performed in the CDZ.
(d) Criteria for fall protection equipment. (1) Guardrail systems,
safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems, positioning device
systems and their components shall conform to the criteria in Sec.
1926.502 (see Appendix G to this subpart).
(2) Fall arrest system components shall be used in fall restraint
systems and shall conform to the criteria in Sec. 1926.502 (see
Appendix G). Either body belts or body harnesses shall be used in fall
restraint systems.
(3) Perimeter safety cables shall meet the criteria for guardrail
systems in Sec. 1926.502 (see Appendix G).
(e) Custody of fall protection. Fall protection provided by the
steel erector shall remain in the area where steel erection activity has
been completed, to be used by other trades, only if the controlling
contractor or its authorized representative:
(1) Has directed the steel erector to leave the fall protection in
place; and
(2) Has inspected and accepted control and responsibility of the
fall protection prior to authorizing persons other than steel erectors
to work in the area.
Sec. 1926.761 Training.
The following provisions supplement the requirements of Sec.
1926.21 regarding the hazards addressed in this subpart.
(a) Training personnel. Training required by this section shall be
provided by a qualified person(s).
(b) Fall hazard training. The employer shall provide a training
program for all employees exposed to fall hazards. The program shall
include training and instruction in the following areas:
(1) The recognition and identification of fall hazards in the work
area;
[[Page 427]]
(2) The use and operation of guardrail systems (including perimeter
safety cable systems), personal fall arrest systems, positioning device
systems, fall restraint systems, safety net systems, and other
protection to be used;
(3) The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, disassembling,
and inspecting the fall protection systems to be used;
(4) The procedures to be followed to prevent falls to lower levels
and through or into holes and openings in walking/working surfaces and
walls; and
(5) The fall protection requirements of this subpart.
(c) Special training programs. In addition to the training required
in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, the employer shall provide
special training to employees engaged in the following activities.
(1) Multiple lift rigging procedure. The employer shall ensure that
each employee who performs multiple lift rigging has been provided
training in the following areas:
(i) The nature of the hazards associated with multiple lifts; and
(ii) The proper procedures and equipment to perform multiple lifts
required by Sec. 1926.753(e).
(2) Connector procedures. The employer shall ensure that each
connector has been provided training in the following areas:
(i) The nature of the hazards associated with connecting; and
(ii) The establishment, access, proper connecting techniques and
work practices required by Sec. 1926.756(c) and Sec. 1926.760(b).
(3) Controlled Decking Zone Procedures. Where CDZs are being used,
the employer shall assure that each employee has been provided training
in the following areas:
(i) The nature of the hazards associated with work within a
controlled decking zone; and
(ii) The establishment, access, proper installation techniques and
work practices required by Sec. 1926.760(c) and Sec. 1926.754(e).
Appendix A to Subpart R of Part 1926--Guidelines for Establishing the
Components of a Site-specific Erection Plan: Non-mandatory Guidelines
for Complying with Sec. 1926.752(e).
(a) General. This appendix serves as a guideline to assist employers
who elect to develop a site-specific erection plan in accordance with
Sec. 1926.752(e) with alternate means and methods to provide employee
protection in accordance with Sec. 1926.752(e), Sec. 1926.753(c)(5),
Sec. 1926.757(a)(4) and Sec. 1926.757(e)(4).
(b) Development of a site-specific erection plan. Pre-construction
conference(s) and site inspection(s) are held between the erector and
the controlling contractor, and others such as the project engineer and
fabricator before the start of steel erection. The purpose of such
conference(s) is to develop and review the site-specific erection plan
that will meet the requirements of this section.
(c) Components of a site-specific erection plan. In developing a
site-specific erection plan, a steel erector considers the following
elements:
(1) The sequence of erection activity, developed in coordination
with the controlling contractor, that includes the following:
(i) Material deliveries:
(ii) Material staging and storage; and
(iii) Coordination with other trades and construction activities.
(2) A description of the crane and derrick selection and placement
procedures, including the following:
(i) Site preparation;
(ii) Path for overhead loads; and
(iii) Critical lifts, including rigging supplies and equipment.
(3) A description of steel erection activities and procedures,
including the following:
(i) Stability considerations requiring temporary bracing and guying;
(ii) Erection bridging terminus point;
(iii) Anchor rod (anchor bolt) notifications regarding repair,
replacement and modifications;
(iv) Columns and beams (including joists and purlins);
(v) Connections;
(vi) Decking; and
(vii) Ornamental and miscellaneous iron.
(4) A description of the fall protection procedures that will be
used to comply with Sec. 1926.760.
(5) A description of the procedures that will be used to comply with
Sec. 1926.759.
(6) A description of the special procedures required for hazardous
non-routine tasks.
(7) A certification for each employee who has received training for
performing steel erection operations as required by Sec. 1926.761.
[[Page 428]]
(8) A list of the qualified and competent persons.
(9) A description of the procedures that will be utilized in the
event of rescue or emergency response.
(d) Other plan information. The plan:
(1) Includes the identification of the site and project; and
(2) Is signed and dated by the qualified person(s) responsible for
its preparation and modification.
Appendix B to Subpart R of Part 1926--Acceptable Test Methods for
Testing Slip-Resistance of Walking/Working Surfaces (Sec.
1926.754(c)(3)). Non-Mandatory Guidelines for Complying With Sec.
1926.754(c)(3).
The following references provide acceptable test methods for
complying with the requirements of Sec. 1926.754(c)(3).
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> Standard Test Method for Using a Portable
Inclineable Articulated Strut Slip Tester (PIAST)(ASTM F1677-96)
<bullet<ls-thn-eq> Standard Test Method for Using a Variable
Incidence Tribometer (VIT)(ASTM F1679-96)
[[Page 429]]
Appendix C to Subpart R of Part 1926--Illustrations of Bridging Terminus
Points: Non-mandatory
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18JA01.021
[[Page 430]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18JA01.022
[[Page 431]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18JA01.023
Appendix D to Subpart R of Part 1926--Illustration of the Use of Control
Lines to Demarcate Controlled Decking Zones (CDZs): Non-mandatory
Guidelines for Complying with Sec. 1926.760(c)(3)
(1) When used to control access to areas where leading edge and
initial securement of metal deck and other operations connected with
leading edge work are taking place, the controlled decking zone (CDZ) is
defined by a control line or by any other means that restricts access.
(i) A control line for a CDZ is erected not less than 6 feet (1.8 m)
nor more than 90 feet (27.4 m) from the leading edge.
(ii) Control lines extend along the entire length of the unprotected
or leading edge
[[Page 432]]
and are approximately parallel to the unprotected or leading edge.
(iii) Control lines are connected on each side to a guardrail
system, wall, stanchion or other suitable anchorage.
(2) Control lines consist of ropes, wires, tapes, or equivalent
materials, and supporting stanchions as follows:
(i) Each line is rigged and supported in such a way that its lowest
point (including sag) is not less than 39 inches (1.0 m) from the
walking/working surface and its highest point is not more than 45 inches
(1.3 m) from the walking/working surface.
(ii) Each line has a minimum breaking strength of 200 pounds (90.8
kg).
Appendix E to Subpart R of Part 1926--Training: Non-mandatory Guidelines
for Complying with Sec. 1926.761
The training requirements of Sec. 1926.761 will be deemed to have
been met if employees have completed a training course on steel
erection, including instruction in the provisions of this standard, that
has been approved by the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of
Apprenticeship.
Appendix F to Subpart R of Part 1926--Perimeter Columns: Non-Mandatory
Guidelines for Complying with Sec. 1926.756(e) To Protect the
Unprotected Side or Edge of a Walking/Working Surface
In multi-story structures, when holes in the column web are used for
perimeter safety cables, the column splice must be placed sufficiently
high so as not to interfere with any attachments to the column necessary
for the column splice. Column splices are recommended to be placed at
every other or fourth levels as design allows. Column splices at third
levels are detrimental to the erection process and should be avoided if
possible.
Appendix G to Subpart R of Part 1926--Sec. 1926.502 (b)-(e) Fall
Protection Systems Criteria and Practices
(b) ``Guardrail systems.'' Guardrail systems and their use shall
comply with the following provisions:
(1) Top edge height of top rails, or equivalent guardrail system
members, shall be 42 inches (1.1 m) plus or minus 3 inches (8 cm) above
the walking/working level. When conditions warrant, the height of the
top edge may exceed the 45-inch height, provided the guardrail system
meets all other criteria of this paragraph (Sec. 1926.502(b)).
Note: When employees are using stilts, the top edge height of the
top rail, or equivalent member, shall be increased an amount equal to
the height of the stilts.
(2) Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, or
equivalent intermediate structural members shall be installed between
the top edge of the guardrail system and the walking/working surface
when there is no wall or parapet wall at least 21 inches (53 cm) high.
(i) Midrails, when used, shall be installed at a height midway
between the top edge of the guardrail system and the walking/working
level.
(ii) Screens and mesh, when used, shall extend from the top rail to
the walking/working level and along the entire opening between top rail
supports.
(iii) Intermediate members (such as balusters), when used between
posts, shall be not more than 19 inches (48 cm) apart.
(iv) Other structural members (such as additional midrails and
architectural panels) shall be installed such that there are no openings
in the guardrail system that are more than 19 inches (.5 m) wide.
(3) Guardrail systems shall be capable of withstanding, without
failure, a force of at least 200 pounds (890 N) applied within 2 inches
(5.1 cm) of the top edge, in any outward or downward direction, at any
point along the top edge.
(4) When the 200 pound (890 N) test load specified in paragraph
(b)(3) of this section (Sec. 1926.502) is applied in a downward
direction, the top edge of the guardrail shall not deflect to a height
less than 39 inches (1.0 m) above the walking/working level. Guardrail
system components selected and constructed in accordance with the
appendix B to subpart M of this part will be deemed to meet this
requirement.
(5) Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, solid
panels, and equivalent structural members shall be capable of
withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 150 pounds (666 N)
applied in any downward or outward direction at any point along the
midrail or other member.
(6) Guardrail systems shall be so surfaced as to prevent injury to
an employee from punctures or lacerations, and to prevent snagging of
clothing.
(7) The ends of all top rails and midrails shall not overhang the
terminal posts, except where such overhang does not constitute a
projection hazard.
(8) Steel banding and plastic banding shall not be used as top rails
or midrails.
(9) Top rails and midrails shall be at least one-quarter inch (0.6
cm) nominal diameter or thickness to prevent cuts and lacerations. If
wire rope is used for top rails, it shall be flagged at not more than 6-
foot intervals with high-visibility material.
[[Page 433]]
(10) When guardrail systems are used at hoisting areas, a chain,
gate or removable guardrail section shall be placed across the access
opening between guardrail sections when hoisting operations are not
taking place.
(11) When guardrail systems are used at holes, they shall be erected
on all unprotected sides or edges of the hole.
(12) When guardrail systems are used around holes used for the
passage of materials, the hole shall have not more than two sides
provided with removable guardrail sections to allow the passage of
materials. When the hole is not in use, it shall be closed over with a
cover, or a guardrail system shall be provided along all unprotected
sides or edges.
(13) When guardrail systems are used around holes which are used as
points of access (such as ladderways), they shall be provided with a
gate, or be so offset that a person cannot walk directly into the hole.
(14) Guardrail systems used on ramps and runways shall be erected
along each unprotected side or edge.
(15) Manila, plastic or synthetic rope being used for top rails or
midrails shall be inspected as frequently as necessary to ensure that it
continues to meet the strength requirements of paragraph (b)(3) of this
section (Sec. 1926.502).
(c) Safety net systems. Safety net systems and their use shall
comply with the following provisions:
(1) Safety nets shall be installed as close as practicable under the
walking/working surface on which employees are working, but in no case
more than 30 feet (9.1 m) below such level. When nets are used on
bridges, the potential fall area from the walking/working surface to the
net shall be unobstructed.
(2) Safety nets shall extend outward from the outermost projection
of the work surface as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Minimum required horizontal
Vertical distance from working level to distance of outer edge of net
horizontal plane of net from the edge of the working
surface
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Up to 5 feet........................... 8 feet
More than 5 feet up to 10 feet......... 10 feet
More than 10 feet...................... 13 feet
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Safety nets shall be installed with sufficient clearance under
them to prevent contact with the surface or structures below when
subjected to an impact force equal to the drop test specified in
paragraph (4) of this section [Sec. 1926.502].
(4) Safety nets and their installations shall be capable of
absorbing an impact force equal to that produced by the drop test
specified in paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section [Sec. 1926.502].
(i) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of this section
(Sec. 1926.502), safety nets and safety net installations shall be
drop-tested at the jobsite after initial installation and before being
used as a fall protection system, whenever relocated, after major
repair, and at 6-month intervals if left in one place. The drop-test
shall consist of a 400 pound (180 kg) bag of sand 30+ or -2 inches (76+
or -5 cm) in diameter dropped into the net from the highest walking/
working surface at which employees are exposed to fall hazards, but not
from less than 42 inches (1.1 m) above that level.
(ii) When the employer can demonstrate that it is unreasonable to
perform the drop-test required by paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section
(Sec. 1926.502), the employer (or a designated competent person) shall
certify that the net and net installation is in compliance with the
provisions of paragraphs (c)(3) and (c)(4)(i) of this section (Sec.
1926.502) by preparing a certification record prior to the net being
used as a fall protection system. The certification record must include
an identification of the net and net installation for which the
certification record is being prepared; the date that it was determined
that the identified net and net installation were in compliance with
paragraph (c)(3) of this section (Sec. 1926.502) and the signature of
the person making the determination and certification. The most recent
certification record for each net and net installation shall be
available at the jobsite for inspection.
(5) Defective nets shall not be used. Safety nets shall be inspected
at least once a week for wear, damage, and other deterioration.
Defective components shall be removed from service. Safety nets shall
also be inspected after any occurrence which could affect the integrity
of the safety net system.
(6) Materials, scrap pieces, equipment, and tools which have fallen
into the safety net shall be removed as soon as possible from the net
and at least before the next work shift.
(7) The maximum size of each safety net mesh opening shall not
exceed 36 square inches (230 cm) nor be longer than 6 inches (15 cm) on
any side, and the opening, measured center-to-center of mesh ropes or
webbing, shall not be longer than 6 inches (15 cm). All mesh crossings
shall be secured to prevent enlargement of the mesh opening.
(8) Each safety net (or section of it) shall have a border rope for
webbing with a minimum breaking strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN).
[[Page 434]]
(9) Connections between safety net panels shall be as strong as
integral net components and shall be spaced not more than 6 inches (15
cm) apart.
(d) ``Personal fall arrest systems.'' Personal fall arrest systems
and their use shall comply with the provisions set forth below.
Effective January 1, 1998, body belts are not acceptable as part of a
personal fall arrest system.
Note: The use of a body belt in a positioning device system is
acceptable and is regulated under paragraph (e) of this section (Sec.
1926.502).
(1) Connectors shall be drop forged, pressed or formed steel, or
made of equivalent materials.
(2) Connectors shall have a corrosion-resistant finish, and all
surfaces and edges shall be smooth to prevent damage to interfacing
parts of the system.
(3) Dee-rings and snaphooks shall have a minimum tensile strength of
5,000 pounds (22.2 kN).
(4) Dee-rings and snaphooks shall be proof-tested to a minimum
tensile load of 3,600 pounds (16 kN) without cracking, breaking, or
taking permanent deformation.
(5) Snaphooks shall be sized to be compatible with the member to
which they are connected to prevent unintentional disengagement of the
snaphook by depression of the snaphook keeper by the connected member,
or shall be a locking type snaphook designed and used to prevent
disengagement of the snaphook by the contact of the snaphook keeper by
the connected member. Effective January 1, 1998, only locking type
snaphooks shall be used.
(6) Unless the snaphook is a locking type and designed for the
following connections, snaphooks shall not be engaged:
(i) directly to webbing, rope or wire rope;
(ii) to each other;
(iii) to a dee-ring to which another snaphook or other connector is
attached;
(iv) to a horizontal lifeline; or
(v) to any object which is incompatibly shaped or dimensioned in
relation to the snaphook such that unintentional disengagement could
occur by the connected object being able to depress the snaphook keeper
and release itself.
(7) On suspended scaffolds or similar work platforms with horizontal
lifelines which may become vertical lifelines, the devices used to
connect to a horizontal lifeline shall be capable of locking in both
directions on the lifeline.
(8) Horizontal lifelines shall be designed, installed, and used,
under the supervision of a qualified person, as part of a complete
personal fall arrest system, which maintains a safety factor of at least
two.
(9) Lanyards and vertical lifelines shall have a minimum breaking
strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN).
(10)(i) Except as provided in paragraph (d)(10)(ii) of this section
[Sec. 1926.502], when vertical lifelines are used, each employee shall
be attached to a separate lifeline.
(ii) During the construction of elevator shafts, two employees may
be attached to the same lifeline in the hoistway, provided both
employees are working atop a false car that is equipped with guardrails;
the strength of the lifeline is 10,000 pounds [5,000 pounds per employee
attached] (44.4 kN); and all other criteria specified in this paragraph
for lifelines have been met.
(11) Lifelines shall be protected against being cut or abraded.
(12) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards which automatically
limit free fall distance to 2 feet (0.61 m) or less shall be capable of
sustaining a minimum tensile load of 3,000 pounds (13.3 kN) applied to
the device with the lifeline or lanyard in the fully extended position.
(13) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards which do not limit free
fall distance to 2 feet (0.61 m) or less, ripstitch lanyards, and
tearing and deforming lanyards shall be capable of sustaining a minimum
tensile load of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN) applied to the device with the
lifeline or lanyard in the fully extended position.
(14) Ropes and straps (webbing) used in lanyards, lifelines, and
strength components of body belts and body harnesses shall be made from
synthetic fibers.
(15) Anchorages used for attachment of personal fall arrest
equipment shall be independent of any anchorage being used to support or
suspend platforms and capable of supporting at least 5,000 pounds (22.2
kN) per employee attached, or shall be designed, installed, and used as
follows:
(i) as part of a complete personal fall arrest system which
maintains a safety factor of at least two; and
(ii) under the supervision of a qualified person.
(16) Personal fall arrest systems, when stopping a fall, shall:
(i) limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 900 pounds (4
kN) when used with a body belt;
(ii) limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 1,800 pounds (8
kN) when used with a body harness;
(iii) be rigged such that an employee can neither free fall more
than 6 feet (1.8 m), nor contact any lower level;
(iv) bring an employee to a complete stop and limit maximum
deceleration distance an employee travels to 3.5 feet (1.07 m); and,
(v) have sufficient strength to withstand twice the potential impact
energy of an employee free falling a distance of 6 feet (1.8 m),
[[Page 435]]
or the free fall distance permitted by the system, whichever is less.
Note: If the personal fall arrest system meets the criteria and
protocols contained in Appendix C to subpart M, and if the system is
being used by an employee having a combined person and tool weight of
less than 310 pounds (140 kg), the system will be considered to be in
compliance with the provisions of paragraph (d)(16) of this section
[Sec. 1926.502]. If the system is used by an employee having a combined
tool and body weight of 310 pounds (140 kg) or more, then the employer
must appropriately modify the criteria and protocols of the Appendix to
provide proper protection for such heavier weights, or the system will
not be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements of paragraph
(d)(16) of this section (Sec. 1926.502).
(17) The attachment point of the body belt shall be located in the
center of the wearer's back. The attachment point of the body harness
shall be located in the center of the wearer's back near shoulder level,
or above the wearer's head.
(18) Body belts, harnesses, and components shall be used only for
employee protection (as part of a personal fall arrest system or
positioning device system) and not to hoist materials.
(19) Personal fall arrest systems and components subjected to impact
loading shall be immediately removed from service and shall not be used
again for employee protection until inspected and determined by a
competent person to be undamaged and suitable for reuse.
(20) The employer shall provide for prompt rescue of employees in
the event of a fall or shall assure that employees are able to rescue
themselves.
(21) Personal fall arrest systems shall be inspected prior to each
use for wear, damage and other deterioration, and defective components
shall be removed from service.
(22) Body belts shall be at least one and five-eighths (1\5/8\)
inches (4.1 cm) wide.
(23) Personal fall arrest systems shall not be attached to guardrail
systems, nor shall they be attached to hoists except as specified in
other subparts of this Part.
(24) When a personal fall arrest system is used at hoist areas, it
shall be rigged to allow the movement of the employee only as far as the
edge of the walking/working surface.
(e) Positioning device systems. Positioning device systems and their
use shall conform to the following provisions:
(1) Positioning devices shall be rigged such that an employee cannot
free fall more than 2 feet (.9 m).
(2) Positioning devices shall be secured to an anchorage capable of
supporting at least twice the potential impact load of an employee's
fall or 3,000 pounds (13.3 kN), whichever is greater.
(3) Connectors shall be drop forged, pressed or formed steel, or
made of equivalent materials.
(4) Connectors shall have a corrosion-resistant finish, and all
surfaces and edges shall be smooth to prevent damage to interfacing
parts of this system.
(5) Connecting assemblies shall have a minimum tensile strength of
5,000 pounds (22.2 kN)
(6) Dee-rings and snaphooks shall be proof-tested to a minimum
tensile load of 3,600 pounds (16 kN) without cracking, breaking, or
taking permanent deformation.
(7) Snaphooks shall be sized to be compatible with the member to
which they are connected to prevent unintentional disengagement of the
snaphook by depression of the snaphook keeper by the connected member,
or shall be a locking type snaphook designed and used to prevent
disengagement of the snaphook by the contact of the snaphook keeper by
the connected member. As of January 1, 1998, only locking type snaphooks
shall be used.
(8) Unless the snaphook is a locking type and designed for the
following connections, snaphooks shall not be engaged:
(i) directly to webbing, rope or wire rope;
(ii) to each other;
(iii) to a dee-ring to which another snaphook or other connector is
attached;
(iv) to a horizontal lifeline; or to depress the snaphook keeper and
release itself.
(v) to any object which is incompatibly shaped or dimensioned in
relation to the snaphook such that unintentional disengagement could
occur by the connected object being able to depress the snaphook keeper
and release itself.
(9) Positioning device systems shall be inspected prior to each use
for wear, damage, and other deterioration, and defective components
shall be removed from service.
(10) Body belts, harnesses, and components shall be used only for
employee protection (as part of a personal fall arrest system or
positioning device system) and not to hoist materials.
Appendix H to Subpart R of Part 1926--Double Connections: Illustration
of a Clipped End Connection and a Staggered Connection: Non-Mandatory
Guidelines for Complying with Sec. 1926.756(c)(1)
[[Page 436]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18JA01.024
Clipped end connections are connection material on the end of a
structural member which has a notch at the bottom and/or top to allow
the bolt(s) of the first member placed on the opposite side of the
central member to remain in place. The notch(es) fits around the nut or
bolt head of the opposing member to allow the second member to be bolted
up without removing the bolt(s) holding the first member.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18JA01.025
Staggered connections are connection material on a structural member
in which all of the bolt holes in the common member web are not shared
by the two incoming members in the final connection. The extra hole in
the column web allows the erector to maintain at least a one bolt
connection at all times while making the double connection.
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